క్లినికల్ మరియు మెడికల్ కేసు నివేదికలు

????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????-?????? ????‌????, ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ???????????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????.

GI ???????? ????? ???????????-??????? ???????????? (CEUS) ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????????. ???????????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????. (IBD). IBD ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. ? ????, ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???????????, ???????, ????? ????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ???? CT ????? MRI ??????‌? ??? ????-?????????? ?????????.

.

Paraganglioma are rare type of neuroendocrine tumors that arise from embryonic neural crest. Paraganglioma of adrenal medulla is known as Pheochromocytoma. Extra-adrenal localization is observed in 5-10% of all paragangliomas, which can extend from upper cervical region to pelvis related to autonomic nervous system in a functional, secreting catecholamines, or non-functional phenotypes. Bladder paraganglioma is outside the usual distribution of paraganglionic tissue accounting for <0.05% of all bladder tumors. Nonfunctional paraganglioma of the bladder (NPB) and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) are subtypes of bladder tumors, but which are entirely different entities with distinct tissue origins and anatomical locations. However due to the similarities in their clinical features and cystoscopic features NPB is often misdiagnosed as UCB whose therapeutic approach and prognosis are completely different. We present a case of paraganglioma in a 45-year-old male presenting with haematuria. Clinical provisional diagnosis rendered based on cystoscopic findings and radiology was urothelial carcinoma; however, was confirmed to be a case of paraganglioma of bladder on histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Cystoscopic biopsy is of high diagnostic value, which should be considered in the preoperative diagnosis of NPB.

Tumors that are cancerous produce substances that cause organ systems in the body to behave improperly. This harm could be irreversible if not treated. The immune system is also involved in the potential damage to healthy cells. Gynecological malignancies have been linked to a number of paraneoplastic diseases. These disorders are caused by chemicals released by the tumour or a cancer-induced immune response. Different syndromes can affect each system of the human body. The neurological, ophthalmologic, dermatologic, rheumatologic, endocrine, hematologic, and renal systems have all been identified to be involved in paraneoplastic syndromes caused by gynaecologic tract malignancies. These syndromes can appear before, during, or after a cancer diagnosis. They can also happen during a recurrence. Physicians caring for cancer patients should be aware of these syndromes since they can cause substantial morbidity and must be treated correctly.