ఇమ్యునోకెమిస్ట్రీ & ఇమ్యునోపాథాలజీ

Antigen processing and presentation are crucial steps in the immune response, enabling the immune system to recognize and respond to foreign substances, such as pathogens or abnormal cells. These processes involve the presentation of antigens, which are small parts of foreign proteins, to immune cells called T lymphocytes (T cells). Antigens can enter the body through various routes, such as ingestion, inhalation, or through wounds. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), primarily dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells, are responsible for capturing antigens. They have specialized receptors, such as Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), which can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on pathogens. Once captured, the antigens undergo processing within the APCs.

Immunology is the study of the immune system and its response to various pathogens, including infectious diseases. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system recognizes it as foreign and mounts a response to eliminate it. This response involves several key components. The innate immune system provides the first line of defence against pathogens. It includes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells. These cells can recognize common features of pathogens, called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). The innate immune response aims to contain and eliminate pathogens until the adaptive immune response can be activated.

The delta variant (B.1.617.2) was a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19; it has mutations in the gene encoding the SARSCoV- 2 spike protein. When a virus replicates or makes copies of itself, it sometimes changes a little bit. These changes are called “mutations.” A virus with one or several new mutations is referred to as a “variant” of the original virus. The more viruses circulate, the more they may change. These changes can occasionally result in a virus variant that is better adapted to its environment compared to the original virus. This process of changing and selection of successful variants is called “virus evolution.” Some mutations can lead to changes in a virus’s characteristics, such as altered transmission A COVID-19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Correlation is one of the analytical techniques in statistics that is used to find the relationship of how strong the relationship between two or more variables is quantitative. By using a linearity test where F arithmetic>F Tabel is 28, 9857462> 3.42, and then Ho is accepted. This means that multiple linear regression analysis can be used to predict complete vaccination for COVID-19 by analyzing COVID-19 mortality against and data confirmed COVID-19. Obtained the multiple linear regression equation is Y=4858167192-10004, 1797X1+5, 866348716X2, the relationship between the variables above is 0,825982 is the superior correlation. Where t₁ arithmetic 1 Table=-7, 5828144<2.069, then H_o is accepted meaning, there is no significant effect partially between COVID-19 mortality and complete vaccination for COVID-19. t₂ arithmetic ≤ t₂ Table=0,74850696 ≤ 2.069, H_o accepted the meaning, there is no significant (significant) effect partially between data confirmed COVID-19 of complete vaccination for COVID-19.