జర్నల్ ఆఫ్ బయోడైవర్సిటీ, బయోప్రోస్పెక్టింగ్ అండ్ డెవలప్‌మెంట్

A study was carried out to determine the chemical constituents of wood extractives from Ashoka, Saraca asoca (Roxb) and Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) (Southern Magnolia) against Odontotermes Obesus (Rambur) under laboratory conditions in Forman Christian College University (Lahore, Pakistan) in June 2016. Extraction was done by soxhlet apparatus. The analysis of these compounds was performed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of wood extractives of Saraca asoca detected 4-[(1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenol; Hexdecanoic acid, methyl ester; n-Hexadecanoic acid; 5,6-Dimethoxy phthalaldehydic acid; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)-; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; Oleic acid; Octadecanoic acid; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester. Compounds in wood extractives of Magnolia grandiflora were Cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 2-methyl-4-(phenylmethylene)-, methyl ester; 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2- methoxyphenol; n -Hexadecanoic acid; 5,6-Dimethoxy phthalaldehydic acid; 7-(1,3-Dimethylbuta-1,3- dienyl)-1,6,6-trimethyl-3, 8-dioxatricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)-; Oleic acid; 16-Methyloxacyclohexadeca-3,5-dien-2-one; Germacra-1(10), 4,11(13)-trein-12-oic acid, 6.alpha.- hydroxy-gamma-lactone, (E,E);5,6-Azulenedicarboxaldehyde,1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-2,2,8-trimethyl-, (3a.alpha.,8.alpha.,8a.alpha)-(-)-; Aromadendrene oxide-(2); Cedran-diol, 8S, 14-; Cis-Z-.alpha.-Bisabolene epoxide; 2-Dodecen-1-yl(-)succinic anhydride; 3-Buen-2-ol, 2-methyl-4(1,3,3-trimethyl-7- oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-yl)-.Based on the feeding activity, wood extracts were arranged in descending order of preference; Ashoka > Magnolia. So these could prove useful in developing a soil barrier to block termite activity and serve as a replacement to synthetic chemicals.

The general acceptance in South Africa of the environmental impact mitigation hierarchy as a hierarchy of desirability has meant that offsetting, the final option in the hierarchy, is regarded, at best, as the least desirable option and often as an undesirable option. Indeed, in all of the published South African government guidelines on biodiversity offsetting, offsetting is referred to as the ‘option of last resort’. This paper proposes that considering the environmental impact mitigation hierarchy as a hierarchy of risk may address the apparent current policy ambivalence and may contribute to the more efficient and effective consideration and use of all the options in the hierarchy.

Objectives: Bio resources are sources for major economies in the world and provide livelihood opportunities for local tribes. Bio resources form part of raw material for herbal products/medicine manufacturing industry. One of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is access and benefit sharing (ABS) arising out of utilization of bio resources. ABS calculation is most debated issue among end user – herbal products / medicine manufacturing industry.
Methods and Results: Mechanisms for ABS computation are still evolving in many nations. In order to remove disparity in ABS calculation and bring in transparency, in this article we have presented three models. In the process, we have developed bio resource sustainability grid to map bio resources based on the i) ease of access, ii) regenerability of resources and iii) sustainability. First model describes calculation of ABS according to cost of bio resources, the second model links to proportion of bio resource with proportion of final formulation and the third model provides a formula which is analogous to Drug Price Control Order.
Conclusion: With increase in use of botanical dietary supplements, nutraceuticals and emerging research in phytopharmaceuticals as drugs the quantum of usage of bio resources will proportionally increase. In addition to usage, conservation of critical bioresources is responsibility of stakeholders. The ABS computation approaches we have presented here can provide transparent ABS computation. The models can be adopted by other nations BDAs either directly or after minor modifications. The purpose of transparency in ABS calculation is served as both the end user and regulator can calculate the ABS payments without debate. Further, it would supplement the cause of sustainable utilization of bioresources while promoting conservation.