ఇంటర్నేషనల్ జర్నల్ ఆఫ్ ఎకనామిక్స్ & మేనేజ్‌మెంట్ సైన్సెస్

The quantitative study sought to identify corporate governance elements that precipitate commercial banks failure in Ghana and to outline policy recommendations to address those factors to make commercial banks more resilient and profitable. The quantitative study seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge by providing understanding on factors that contributes to banks failure in emerging economy like Ghana. A random sampling approach was used to collect annual report and published financial statement on 21 commercial banks. Based on this data, a fiveyear (5) panel data was formed: using a data range (2012 -2016 multiplied by 21 sampled banks) making a total of one hundred and five (105) observations. A random effect model was used to estimate the relationship between corporate governance elements and banks failure. Next, a correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between corporate governance elements, banks-specific financial proxies and exogenous factors and banks failure. Results from the study indicate a significant relationship between corporate governance variables, banks-specific financial information and macroeconomic indicators and banks failure. The study recommends the creation of Ghanaian corporate governance act to propose and increase in the female representation on the governing boards of commercial banks. This measure is to increase gender diversity and skills in the boardroom as it is evident in the study that higher gender diversity reduces the risk of banks failure. More so, the study recommends an effective management of credit default rate (using credit default swap to mitigate credit losses and) to boost financial soundness and profitability of banks in Ghana.

Because Italian Public Healthcare system is one of the most advanced system in the world it is interesting to observe how are evaluated the healthcare managers inside Involved in this filed. To observe this method can be a useful instrument to be followed also for not so advanced countries. In evolution of the Italian healthcare system a great step was the introduction by law of managerial methods as current way or organization and work. What is relevant to notice is that the motivation is a factor that contribute in success in a multiplicator way. The system is projected to guarantee uniformity and objectivity (in theory). The result of this research work is that the normative rules introduced in Italy since 1992 was able to Control the similar- logarithmic expansion trend of healthcare public costs. The global results of an economic institution, even if in healthcare settings, depends also to the Abilities and knowledge of its managers (Top, medium and of less higher level). In public Italian healthcare organization like hospital managers are divided in Professional managers and pure managerial career. Relevant role is played by the mechanism of recruitment of this managers as well as the progression to the upper position.

One of the most important steps to establish industries is location studies for determining the best location of industries because the long-run result of this decision creates significant effects on the economy, environment and society. Due to the vast oil field, Iran is the fourth oil producer in the world. The shortage of refining capacity and high domestic demand for oil products has made Iran an importer of oil products like gasoline. Running new capacity of petroleum products is very important and in this way the expansion of existing refineries or building new capacity (construction of oil refineries) is the solution ahead. Given the high costs of constructing oil refineries in the country and state-owned oil industry, for building a new refinery it’s too important to choose the mechanism that minimizes the total costs. So determining the most suitable place for building a new refinery is very important. This study combines GIS and econometric likelihood linear models like logit and probit seeks to determine the optimal location for establishing an oil refinery in the geographical area of the country. In this study, some geographical criteria such as slope and elevation of land are used in the GIS section then all areas are studied and the areas that had the initial condition have been screened. Finally, using the logit and probit models, the studied areas were analyzed based on economic criteria and a final ranking has been done.

JEL classification: C52, C61, C88