కార్డియోవాస్కులర్ డిసీజెస్ & డయాగ్నోసిస్

Over the past few decades, remarkable changes in science and healthcare have led to a decline in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely due to advancements in risk-based prevention and treatment. However, as our county experiences an increase in cardiovascular risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and overweight and obesity, these trends are beginning to stall. In addition, these trends have been exacerbated by poor long-term adherence to a healthy lifestyle and life-saving pharmacotherapy, with recent data indicating unprecedented increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In order to improve our nation's cardiovascular health, a paradigm shift is required. The practice of primordial, primary, and secondary prevention of all cardiovascular diseases is known as preventive cardiology, a developing subspecialty of cardiovascular medicine.

Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States, despite diligent efforts. Preventive cardiology as a distinct subspecialty is questioned by many healthcare professionals, despite the fact that there is little debate about its significance. A lack of organization and standardization, as well as the varying quality of training provided by programs across the country, has hampered the field's expansion. According to the American Society for Preventive Cardiology, the purpose of this document is to outline the key characteristics that define the field of preventive cardiology.

For end-stage liver disease, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a viable treatment option. Due to changes in hemodynamics and the length of the procedure, the cardiovascular system is put under a lot of stress during the perioperative period. To ensure positive outcomes, cardiovascular disease must be diagnosed and treated prior to OLT. Practitioners who take care of these patients vary significantly. Foundations tailor their conventions based on neighborhood and authentic practices, the inclinations of the cardiologists, and the OLT group, and calculations are not frequently changed or refreshed based on the accessible proof. We sought to examine the diagnostic cardiovascular workup of OLT candidates, including a review of the available literature on the diagnostic modalities used to screen for cardiovascular disease prior to OLT, in collaboration with experts in cardiology and hepatology from leading OLT centers. Non-invasive cardiovascular risk assessment should be prioritized, with the use of invasive risk stratification reserved for select patients.