జర్నల్ ఆఫ్ సివిల్ అండ్ ఎన్విరాన్‌మెంటల్ ఇంజినీరింగ్

Studies on informal employment have evaluate its quality on the basis of lists of indicators such as earnings, working schedule, observable perks at work, commuting time, and other observable job-related benefits. This study observes the mode of business agreement between the quantity surveyor and the client in this sector as a good proxy for the quality of informal employment and even for the quality of quantity surveyors’ life. This study adopted survey method in achieving the mode of business agreement between the quantity surveyor and the clients in the informal sector. Primary data were obtained through structured questionnaire administered on clients engaging the services of quantity Surveyors in the informal sector and registered quantity surveyors in Ogun state, Nigeria. Analysis of the data was done using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). However, it is discovered that formality in business agreement exists in this sector and so allows for a conclusion to be made that there is high survival rate for any quantity surveyor that ventures into this sector in terms of the code of professional practice.

Loss of lives through road accidents are increasing day by day as there is increase in the number of motor vehicles on the road which has created a major problem. This paper discusses about three types of accident prediction model such as “System Dynamic Model, Fuzzy logic and Bayesian Method”. Investing in transportation sector leads to betterment of basic infrastructure at the development of a country. The Complex, Dynamic and Non-linear interaction can be understood using system dynamic model. Fuzzy logic deals with occurrence of sets and elements. Fuzzy model compresses of four sub process: Fuzzification, Rule Production, Composition or Aggregation and Defuzzification. Bayesian refer to methods in probability and Statics which has held to model the interaction between road geometry, traffic characteristics and accident frequencies by means of linear regression model.

Flood is a natural disaster and causes loss of life and property destruction. The objective of this study was to analyze flood hazard and inundation area mapping of Awash River Basin. Flood generating factors, i.e. slope, elevation, rainfall, drainage density, land use, and soil type were rated and combined to delineate flood hazard zones using a multi-criteria evaluation technique in a GIS environment. The weight of each flood generating factor was computed by pair wise comparison for a final weighted overlay analysis of all factors to generate the flood hazard map. The flood hazard map indicates that 2103.34, 35406.63, 59271.09, 162827.96, and 1491.66 km2 corresponds with very high, high, moderate, low, and very low flood hazard, respectively. The flooded areas along the Awash River have been mapped based on the 5% exceedance highest flows for different return periods using the HEC-RAS model, GIS for spatial data processing and HEC-GeoRAS for interfacing between HEC-RAS and GIS. The areas along the Awash River simulated to be inundated for 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years return periods. The flooded areas were high particularly from Dubti down to Lake Abe for all return periods. The flooded areas along the Awash River are 117, 107, 84, 68, and 38 km2 for 100, 50, 25, 10, and 5 year return periods, respectively when using 5% highest data from the Adaitu gauging station. The major findings in the study revealed that inundated areas in the upper and middle part of Awash River Basin are low as compared to the downstream part. Proper land use management and afforestation, is significant to reduce the adverse effects of flooding particularly in the low-lying flood prone areas.The result of the report will help the concerned bodies to formulate develop strategies according to the available flood hazard to the area.

In this paper, we have calculated of the maximum concentration for non-Gaussian and maximum downwind distance under using different schemes of dispersion parameters for isotopes. We have compared between maximum predicated, concentrations for non-Gaussian under using different schemes of dispersion parameters for I131 and Cs137 via observed and maximum downwind distance.

The Integral-Abutment Bridge (IAB) concept was developed at least as far back as the 1930s to solve longterm structural problems that can occur with conventional bridge designs. Due to limited funding sources for bridge maintenance, it is desirable to establish strategies for eliminating joints as much as possible and converting/retrofitting bridges with troublesome joints to jointless design. IABs or jointless bridges have many advantages over full height abutment or stub abutment bridges. They eliminate expansion joints in bridge superstructures. They also simplify design, detailing, and construction. In spite of many of these recognized benefits, the behavior of such structures is not yet fully understood, and nationally adopted design criteria are still lacking. This paper presents results of finite element analysis of four IABs at Kassala State (Sudan), the four bridges are considered one of the first fully integral bridges designed and constructed in Sudan. The structural system adopted for these bridges is: RC walls on single row of piles at abutments and piers; hollow-core RC slab at deck. The temperature change is varied between 10°C and 50°C and three types of locally available soil are applied behind the abutments. The effects of varying temperature and embankment soil type in the deflection, maximum bending moments, and maximum shear forces are presented and discussed. The effect of temperature change and bridge length in the bridge forces is also presented; Useful comments on the optimum IAB length to be locally adopted are suggested.