ఎంటర్‌ప్రెన్యూర్‌షిప్ & ఆర్గనైజేషన్ మేనేజ్‌మెంట్

Natural resource economics deals with the supply, demand, and allocation of the earth's natural resources. One main objective of natural resource economics is to better understand the role of natural resources in the economy in order to develop more sustainable methods of managing those resources to ensure their availability for future generations. Resource economists study interactions between economic and natural systems, with the goal of developing a sustainable and efficient economy. Market equilibrium in this case is a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers. Economic equilibrium is the combination of economic variables (usually price and quantity) toward which normal economic processes, such as supply and demand, drive the economy. The term economic equilibrium can also be applied to any number of variables such as interest rates or aggregate consumption spending. SWOT analysis identifies internal and external factors that are prioritized by experts in the distribution natural resources for equilibrium economic domain through an analytical hierarchy process. The prioritized SWOT factors are used in the formulation of strategies using the TOWS matrix. The results of the study indicate that a no natural capital is the world's stock of natural resources. Some natural capital assets provide people with free goods and services, often called ecosystem services strategy and an isolation strategy that effectively regulates international trade in goods and services to equilibrium global economic is the best strategy.

To the development of organisations, the issue of calculating the cost of equity is essential. It is a crucial tool for figuring out value production. For assessing the cost of equity, a number of models have been presented in the financial literature, such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). This paradigm, however, is only applicable to publicly traded businesses; it is inapplicable to privately held businesses. Alternative measurements of the cost of equity have arisen to address this issue, including accounting beta. This study's major goal was to examine the correlation between market beta and accounting beta, which was computed using ROA, ROE, and net income, in order to show how accounting beta may be used to gauge risk for privately held businesses. This study was conducted using information from a Selection of 49 firms that were listed between 2015 and 2019 on the Casablanca Stock Exchange. The research hypotheses were empirically tested using panel data econometrics. The findings demonstrate that calculating accounting beta using ROA and ROE well approximates market beta and provides a workable method for estimating the cost of equity for unlisted companies. The study's findings add to the body of knowledge on the cost of capital by highlighting the importance of accounting beta in calculating the cost of equity and, consequently, the creation of value for the business.

In order to lower the cost of their core business, airline companies must use a hedging strategy to stabilise the price of fuel. In this study, we build models for controlling the risk associated with the hedging strategy. First, we quantify the risk associated with a company's hedging strategy using conditional value at risk (CVaR). CVaR satisfies subadditivity, positive homogeneity, monotonicity, and transfer invariance when compared to the value at risk (VaR). CVaR is a reliable way to quantify risk as a result. Second, to create a Markov Switching-GARCH, time-varying state transition probability is added to our model (MS-GARCH). The dynamic changes in market state are taken into account by MS-GARCH, a feature that has clear advantages over the conventional constant state model. Furthermore, we apply a Markov chain Monte Carlo an approach based on Gibbs sampling to estimate the MS-parameters. GARCH's To apply and assess our approach, we use fuel oil futures data from the Shanghai Futures Stock Exchange. In this study, we empirically evaluate the risk associated with the hedging approach used by airlines and come to the conclusion that our model is clearly successful in terms of hedging risk management, a use that has some guiding relevance for reality.

The study assessed the challenges facing Zanzibar revenue board and its effect on employee engagement. The study attempted to explore the challenges facing the Zanzibar revenue board and how it affects the employees engagement. The study employed a survey design by questionnaire and interview to collect data from 50 employees of Zanzibar revenue board sampled from 138 workers as per Zanzibar revenue board employee register book by 2022.

Non probability sampling method by convenient technique was used to prepare the sample of 50 respondents because the nature of the respondents work does not allow them to stay in office thus to save time the respondent interviewed workers who fited within the convenience of the researchers schedule as advised by Glaswell. Data used in this study were collected through questionnaires and interview methods aimed at cross validating data sets from the two instruments so as to increase its accuracy as proposed by Glaswell.

The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and its finding presented in the form of figures and descriptive. The analysis simultaneously focused on the data collected by questionnaires and interviews. The study findings indicated that, the challenges facing the Zanzibar revenue board includes: Lack clarity on job related goals, inability in translating feedback into actionable insights, inability to measure relevant feedback, lack of creation of an effective mix of data based strategies, and terrible work life balance.

The study also found that the challenges have notable effects on employees engagement however the nature of the effect varies from one challenge to the other.