జర్నల్ ఆఫ్ ఇంటిగ్రేటివ్ ఆంకాలజీ

The techniques for photodynamic (PDT) and photo thermal (PTT) disease treatment depend on the utilization of photosensitizers that are gathered in the cancer and lead to growth disposal after light illumination. Endless supply of light of a specific frequency, the photosensitizer changes to an energized state, from which it can return to the ground state either radioactively with fluorescence emanation or non-radioactively with the arrival of nuclear power. Photosensitizers can likewise respond with cell parts through electron move, which prompts the development of free revolutionaries or move energy to oxygen with the arrangement of profoundly receptive singlet oxygen. In this manner, photosensitizers can prompt oxidative weight on a malignant growth cell or perform nearby hyperthermia. The expanded responsiveness of malignant growth cells to warming up to 41-47 °C underlies the viability of photo thermal treatment.

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs) or Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) are an extremely rare malignancy only comprising about two percent of all malignancies, making them difficult to diagnose and treat. Neuroendocrine tumors are those that arise from specialized neuroendocrine cells originating in many organs and causing a wide range of symptoms that could easily be mistaken with other conditions. These NEN’s are then divided into two subgroups: well-differentiated (low to intermediate grade) also called carcinoid tumors missing the characteristic neuroendocrine nuclei, and poorly differentiated (high grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas. Although there is not consensus as to the diagnostic criteria for neuroendocrine differentiation, it most often requires the expression of chromogranin-A, synaptophysin or neuron-specific enolase, in at least 50% of malignant tumor cells. Neuroendocrine Breast Cancer (NEBC) is a very rare metastatic form of breast cancer that effects less than 200,000 people in the United States and often goes misdiagnosed. Difficulty remains in the assessment, screening, and imaging as when improperly diagnosed, treatment is most often ineffective. It is expected that this case report will further research and information that is currently unavailable and under recognized on neoendocrine neoplasms.