ఇంటర్నేషనల్ జర్నల్ ఆఫ్ పబ్లిక్ హెల్త్ అండ్ సేఫ్టీ

Background: Among methods of emergency contraception there are substances that prevent fertilization, generally by inhibiting ovulation, and means that prevent the implantation of fertilized ovum. Part of women as well as doctors and pharmacists attach recently more attention to choosing one of these measures by metaphysical reasons. The authors of the paper conducted a questionnaire survey aimed at examining how such different attitudes are prevalent among the chosen group of young women in Poland.

Material and Methods: The survey was conducted among 90 female nursing students in three slightly different age groups. A short questionnaire was preceded by a written explanation of the essence of the metaphysical problem.

Results: The use of "emergency contraception", regardless of the type of mechanism of action, i.e. also with tablets preventing the implementation of fertilized cells approve about 55% of women and about 45% allows only the use of ovulation inhibitors.

Conclusion: Due to the obligatory rules of informing patients about the nature of undertaken medical activities, it is advisable to disseminate knowledge about the existing ethical dilemma related to emergency contraception. However, obstructing access to "emergency contraception" due to the conscience clause is difficult to justify rationally, as these increases the likelihood of unwanted pregnancies, which is another next ethical issue.

The aim of this paper is to review the literature describing the travel risk assessment and to introduce a new online tool, the Travel Risk Estimator for Business Traveller, (TREB). Travel risk assessment is an important part of the travel health practice; it includes evaluating both the risks of destination and health of the individual travelling to that destination. Risk assessment mainly determines what health and safety advice and interventions are given within the relevant prevailing travel health guidelines. The linkage between global travel and business is becoming stronger and travel related disease awareness has increased. With increased international interest in traveller' health, there is a demand to simplify and facilitate the travel health risk assessment. The authors have developed a prototype of an online tool, the TREB calculator. It is envisioned as a tool, which allows both traveller and health care professional to have a rough estimation of the risk of a trip in a simple way. TREB is a new tool first introduced in the fourth quarter of 2013 by the Qatar Petroleum Occupational Health Services in during a presentation done by the authors in the Second QP Occupational Health conference in November 2013. TREB could be a helpful and easy to use tool for both individual traveller and clinicians to quantify travel risk. It provides rough estimation of risk and advice to traveller, nevertheless validity testing and review is required.