మాలిక్యులర్ మరియు జెనెటిక్ మెడిసిన్

???????: ???????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????????????????‌?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????. ??????????????? ????? ???????????-????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? (ER) ????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ???????‌?? ???‌?????? ???????? ?????????? (UPR)?? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ???????/??????????????? ???????????-??????? ER ???????/UPR ???????????‌?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????‌?? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? 4-??????‌?????????? ?????? (4PBA) ????????? ER ????????? ?????????, ????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????.

????????: ???? ??????-?????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? Ins2+/Akita ?????????‌?? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? E-???? (ApoE-/-) ??????? ??????????????? ????????????????. ApoE-/- ????? ?????????? ??????????? (0.625-5% w/v) ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????-????????????? ????????????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? 4PBA ?? ??????? ??????????. ????????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??????????????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? O-??????? N-?????????????????? (O-GlcNAc) ????? ER ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????.

???????: ????????????????? ??????? O-GlcNAc ????? ER ???????/UPR ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????-???????????? ???? ?????‌?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????. ≥ 2.5% (w/v) ???? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? O-GlcNAc, UPR ??????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????/????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????. 4PBA ER ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????-???????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????.

????????: ???????????-??????? ER ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????????‌?? ????????????????? ? ????????? ??????????????. ER ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ApoE-/- ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????.

?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????.

24 ???? ????????? ????? ??????????????? tRNA ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????‌??? ????????? 50 ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ??????????????? tRNA ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????? T1633A, C1631A (tRNA ??????????????), T14723T, Q14704C, ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????, ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????‌? ????????????? ???????????????. ???????????? A12308G, tRNA ??????‌?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????????.

? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????????‌?? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????. ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????????.

???? (N-????????????????????-??-?????????? ??????) ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????????? ???‌?????? ????? ?????‌?? ?????? ?????????????????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????, ????????‌????? ?????????? ???????????? (??????) ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? (???????‌???) ?????? ???????? ??????? ????‌? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ? ????????‌? ???? ????? pH ????? ??????‌???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????. ????? pH ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????-?????????‌?? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? (??????????)?? ?????? ??????????. ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????????‌?? ???????? ?????????‌???? ?????????????.

??????, ??????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????.. ? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????.

???????: BRCA1/2 ??????‌???? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????-?????????? (BSO) ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????????? (PSC) ????? ????? ????????? ????????????. BRCA1/2 ????????? ?????????‌??? BSO ?????? PSC ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????.
????????: PSC ????? ????? ????????? ???? BSO ???????????? ???-??????? BRCA1/2 ????????? ?????????‌?? ?????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? (FTC), ?????? ?????????? (OVC) ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? (STIC) ???? BSO ??????? ?????????? ??????????. 58 ???? ??????? P53 ????? ?????????? ????. ????? ??????‌? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????. ???? BSO ?????? PSC ????? ?????????, ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????.
???????: BSO ?????? ?????????? 1 ???? (0.8%), STIC 2 ???????? (1.7%), ????? 6/58 ?????? (10.3%) ??????? “p53 ?????” ????? ???? ??????? FTC?? ??????? ???????. ????????‌?? ????? ?????? (p=0.007) ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? (p<0.001) FTC ????? STIC??? ?????? ????? ??????. BSO ?????? PSC ????? 1.7% (?????? ??????). ????? BRCA2 ????????? ?????????‌?? ????? ?????? STIC ?????? ????. BSO ?????? PSC ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? (PSC ???? ??????? 63.5 ?????????? ????? PSC ???? ??????? 48.6 ??????????, p<0.001).
??????????: ?? ??????‌?? BSO ?????? PSC ????? 1.7% ????? ??? BSO?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? FTC ????? STIC? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????.

???????? ?????? ????????? (BBS) ????? ??????, ?????????? ????????????? ?????????, ??? 19 ??????? ?????????? (?????? BBS ??????????? ??? ??????????) ?? ????????? ???? ????????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????????, ???????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ????????????????, ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????????. BBS ????? ????-?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????, ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????????‌??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????: ?????? ?????????? ??????, ????????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????. BBS ????? ??????? ?????? 80% ???????? ????????‌?? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????, 25% ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? 50% ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????, ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????‌?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????. -????? ??????? ??????? ????????-?????? ????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????.

?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??. 21, ???? ????? ??????????‌??? ??????? ???? 21, ???????? 21 (T21). ??? 50 ????????? ?????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? (?????? 20 ??????? 19 ??????????) ????? ?????? ?????????‌?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????. ?????, ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????.

?????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ????? ?????????? 21?? ???????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ???????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????‌? ????? ??????? ????????????, ???? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? (????????) ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????????. . ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????, ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????.

???? ????????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????-?????? ?????? T21 ????????‌?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????, ???????? 21 ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? T21 ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????????. ???????, ???? T21 ?????? ?????????‌?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????.

????? ??????????? ????????? (ASD) ??????? ???? ????? ??????. DNA ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????/???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????‌?????‌?? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????/???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????. ????????????, ????????, ?????????, ?????? ??????‌??????, ????????????? ????? MRI ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????-?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????????. ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????, ????????‌? ???? ????? ???????? ???‌???? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????: N-?????? D-??????????? (NMDA) ?????????, ???????? ????????? (GlyR) ?????/???? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? 1 (GlyT1). ????????‌? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ????????‌?? ?????????. ? ??????? ????????? ??????-?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????. ? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????‌?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ®?? ????????? ???????. ????????‌?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????, ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???‌???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????.

????? ?????? ??????????????, GP, ????????? ????????, ???? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? 1976 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? GP ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? X-?? ???????????????? (???, pdb-ID: 3CSY) ?????? ????????????????. ???? ??? ???????? GP ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????? ????????-????? ?????? (MLD) ???????-???????????? ????‌??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? C ????????? ??????? (meD) ????? GP?? ????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????-?????? ?????? ?????????-??????? ???? ?????????? ????‌? ????? ?????????? ???????-??????? ????????? ?????. MLD ????? meD ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? iTasser, Phyre2 ????? CABS-flex ??????????‌??? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????. 1976 ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? MLD ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? 3CSY ????‌?? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? GP ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? (EMDB-ID: EMD-6003) ????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? 3D ?????? ???? ????? ????????????????. ? ???????? ?????? iTasser ???? Phyre2 ?????? ???????? ??????? 6 ??????? MLD ?????‌??? 1 ??????? ??????????, ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ????‌???????? ???????? ????????, ????? CABS-???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? (???, MLDm2c2) ??? ?????? ? ?????-??????? ???????? (MLDm1p1) ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????, MLD ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????‌?? MLDm1p1 ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????. ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? GP ????? MLD ????? meD ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. GP ??????????-??????? ????? ???????-???????? ???????????‌?? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ?????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????.

BRCA1 mutation carriers have an increased lifetime risk of serous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), as well as breast cancer, but reasons for this increased risk remain elusive. We hypothesized that the reported relationship between cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19a1) and BRCA1 expression might be used to elucidate this pathway to EOC in women with BRCA1 mutations. Expression of BRCA1, CYP19a1 and steroid receptors was measured by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting in immortalized cell lines from the ovarian surface epithelium (hOSE17-1 and hOSE11-12), tubal epithelium (OE-E6/E7) and granulosa cell tumor (KGN), as well as MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, before and after BRCA1 knockdown with 2 nM siRNA, or stimulation of CYP19a1 expression with forskolin or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Low or no CYP19a1 expression was observed in all cell lines, except KGN cells. BRCA1 knockdown with 2 nM siRNA did not stimulate CYP19a1 expression in any cell line. Forskolin treatment increased CYP19a1 expression only in KGN cells and this resulted in a decrease in BRCA1 expression equivalent to 2 nM siRNA knockdown. We conclude that lowering BRCA1 expression in OSE and tubal epithelia cell lines does not stimulate CYP19a1 expression or change steroid receptor expression significantly. The mechanism by which BRCA1 mutation increases risk of serous EOC remains to be elucidated.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has emerged as a key autocrine growth factor for most ovarian cancers, promoting their proliferation, survival, invasiveness, dissemination within the peritoneal cavity, and angiogenic capacity. Effective LPA signaling requires activation of endosomal NADPH oxidase activity. Free bilirubin is now known to function intracellularly as a potent inhibitor of NADPH oxidase complexes. The cyanobacterial chromophore phycocyanobilin (PhyCB), via intracellular conversion to the bilirubin homolog phycocyanorubin, can likewise inhibit NADPH oxidase activity, and is orally active in this regard. The cell wall polysaccharides of cyanobacteria may also aid cancer control by activating innate immunity and inhibiting angiogenesis. Hence, consumption of edible cyanobacteria such as spirulina may have potential for slowing the growth and spread of ovarian cancer – as it has recently been shown to do with a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Most breast cancer genomes harbor complex mutational landscapes. Somatic alterations have been predominantly discovered in breast cancer patients of European ancestry; however, little is known about somatic aberration in patients of other ethnic groups including Asians. In the present study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted in DNA extracted from tumor and matched adjacent normal tissue samples from eleven early onset breast cancer patients who were included in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. We discovered 159 somatic missense and ten nonsense mutations distributed among 167 genes. The most frequent 50 somatic mutations identified by WES were selected for validation using Sequenom MassARRAY system in the eleven breast cancer patients and an additional 433 tumor and 921 normal tissue/blood samples from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Among these 50 mutations selected for validation, 32 were technically validated. Within the validated mutations, somatic mutations in the TRPM6, HYDIN, ENTHD1, and NDUFB10 genes were found in two or more tumor samples in the replication stage. Mutations in the ADRA1B, CBFB, KIAA2022, and RBM25 genes were observed once in the replication stage. To summarize, this study identified some novel somatic mutations for breast cancer. Future studies will need to be conducted to determine the function of these mutations/genes in the breast carcinogenesis.

Aims: The need to fast before lipid screening has been questioned in the past years. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a light meal on the lipid profile in people with diabetes.
Methods: 115 participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited between April/2013-August/2014 from our Outpatient Diabetes Education Clinic. Clinical and analytical evaluation took place in 2 moments (8-hour fasting=t0; 2h after a light standardized meal=t1), with measurements of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides.
Results: Triglycerides concentration increased between the 2 moments (median difference t1-t0=0.07 mmol/L, p=0.002) but the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and non HDL- cholesterol did not change significantly. Performing an analysis according to the LDL-cholesterol therapeutic goals proposed by Adult Treatment Panel III, we found an agreement between fasting and postprandial assessments of 91.1% for the goal of 2.6 mmol/L (102/112), and of 97.3% for the goal of 1.8 mmol/L (109/112). The same analysis was performed for the secondary goal, non HDL-cholesterol.
Conclusion: The data presented suggest that the nonfasting lipid profile can be an alternative to the fasting lipid profile in selected patients. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results and demonstrate an association of nonfasting lipemia and cardiovascular risk in individuals with diabetes.

Angiofibromas are malformation of skin caused by genetic disorders and gene mutation. The purpose of this case study is to find a natural and cost effective solution to overcome the formation and proliferation of angiofibroma structures. At the present time there no simple treatment is available for angiofaibromas and the only available techniques involve the use of carbon dioxide and laser. Besides being costly these techniques need repetitive treatments over a long time and no guarantee of permanent removal of these angiofaibromas. They seem to reform in the same location and in some cases may extend to the surrounding area. The manifestation of these, in the facial area, is in addition to the disfiguring of the face cause health problems as a result of bleeding and possible infection. These angiofaibromas with sizes ranging from granules on the micrometer size to larger ones with diameters on the millimeter scale. They are being reddish to brown, depending on the amount of blood vessels and vacuolated blood. Why are angiofibromas developed around the onset of puberty and accompanying hormonal change? What are the physiological changes that occur at this age? Are they associated with skin and protein synthesis and are conducive to the development of angiofibromas?

Because of the fact that these are considered to be genetics the only treatments proposed and performed by medical-doctors only symptomatic treatments. In this paper we propose a treatment of the actual protein synthesis and an enhancement of the production of the proper collagen protein to sharply minimize the formation or may be in some cases totally eradicating the angiofaibromas or in the worst scenario just decrease of blood vacuoles supplement and hence shrinking the fibromas. Results presented here are based on case studies and are very encouraging to perform clinical testing on a larger scale, i.e., a larger group of patients younger than 20 years of age. The limitation of such study is defined under testing patients who do not have any angiofibromas but who are likely to develop angiofibromas. We did not have this kind of sample in the group, which would strengthen the results by providing a baseline on the effectiveness of L-Lysin in inhibiting the initial development of the facial fibromas. In future study this could be compensated for by conducting some tissue culture and monitoring the effect of various amino acids on normal cells vis-à-vis mutated cell lines. This type of research is very crucial for both researchers and consumers as it emphasizes the concept of simplicity in prevention and treatment. Angiofibromas are also caused as side effects of some seizure medications such as phenytoin and the results are devastating for the patients. We hope that maybe some will benefit from this research by following healthy diets with regard to the inclusion of essential amino acids in a healthy diet especially that of L-Lysine.

Life in biofilms (BF) provides microorganisms with protection against different adverse conditions and agents. In food industry, as they can host and transfer to food both pathogenic and spoilage microorganism, they have to be constantly kept under control. Many hygienic practices and disinfectants aim at preventing and/or destroying BF, and chitosan has a promising future in this respect. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a dangerous foodborne pathogen that can live in BF and survive many restrictive conditions used to preserve foods, such as refrigeration. In this work, nine Lm strains, persistently or sporadically isolated from a meat processing plant, were cultured at 20°C and 4°C to obtain mature BF either in isolation or with Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), both species being simultaneously inoculated at similar low population levels. Pf was more compatible with the persistent Lm strains than with the rest, enhancing or maintaining their viable counts in the corresponding dual species BF. All dual species BF formed at 4°C were much thinner than those formed at 20°C, but contained more cells per cm3 of BF biomass. Chitosan damage was observed both as reduction of Lm viable cells and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with Live/Dead stains. In Lm monospecies BF, 1 h chitosan exposure reduced viable counts between 3 and 6 Log when cultured at 20°C and 2-4 Log when at 4°C. Both temperature of BF formation and Lm strain affected their susceptibility to chitosan in dual species BF. CLSM showed focalized chitosan injuries in binary BF, particularly in those with persistent Lm strains.